Elliptic Regularity Theory in Barron Spaces and Applications to the Deep Ritz Method

We prove that harmonic functions with Dirichlet boundary data in Barron space, a function class tailored to wide ReLU networks with a single hidden layer and suitably bounded weights, are generally neither Lipschitz continuous nor in the Sobolev class H^2. A fortiori, they are not in any function class in which the norm controls the Lipschitz constant, which rules out not only Barron space regularity, but also regularity in function classes for deeper ReLU networks with bounded coefficients. They can, however, be approximated to accuracy \sim \varepsilon by Barron functions of low norm \sim |\log\varepsilon| in various Lebesgue and Sobolev norms (with at most two derivatives). The positive result holds on very simple domains: Half-spaces in arbitrary dimension and rectangular domains in two dimensions. As an application of this regularity theory, we obtain a priori error estimates for Deep Ritz neural PDE solvers.