p-Spin Glass Network Efficient Single-Batch Continual Learning

Modern sequence models heavily rely on massive memory footprints and large-batch stochastic optimization, barriers that restrict sample efficiency and continual learning. We introduce the p-Spin Glass Network, a novel architecture that overcomes these limitations, structurally manages optimization variance and yields four noticeable capabilities: 1. It enforces memory efficiency: native ternary quantization compresses internal parameters by 8\times, while exact implicit gradients strictly bound activation memory to O(B \cdot T \cdot D). 2. it demonstrates sample efficiency, matching the asymptotic performance of a Transformer baseline while utilizing 8\times fewer training sequences. 3. Method enables single-batch stability and smooth, monotonic convergence at a stochastic micro-batch size of 1. 4. Finally, this stability proves modality-agnostic, maintaining robust temporal credit assignment across both discrete subword and long horizon uncompressed raw byte streams. Ultimately, this work removes large batch requirement for stable deep learning, establishing a foundation for continuous learning and edge AI.